In the context of the dominant modern philosophical "paradigm," the propositions of European Enlightenment were often accompanied by claims for ecumenism and impartiality. The "politics of universality," according to the formulation of Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor, often emerged as an enemy of the promotion of individual identities - national, ethnic, racial, religious, or gender identities - to the extent that they would undermine fundamental principles of individuality, such as autonomy, freedom, and equality. Contemporary political and social philosophy challenged this schematic opposition between ecumenism and particularism. The present collective volume includes a collection of original and translated studies by recognized contemporary political and social philosophers on topics such as cosmopolitanism, multiculturalism, political friendship, politics of culture, as well as purely political issues such as human rights and tolerance. In this light, the triptych of community-identity-diversity is developed in four thematic units, which aim to reconstruct as many connections of this triptych as possible through differentiated, sometimes conflicting, interpretive approaches. The emergence of these problematic issues has broader significance for both contemporary philosophy and the fields of humanities and social sciences. However, the studies in this volume are addressed not only to the academic community but also to a wider audience, whose sensitivity and critical spirit can be enriched by the theoretical challenges that they pose to the spirit of the times, as well as to the pressing needs of our society.