The fluid population situation characterizes Thrace from the 19th century. However, the events that largely determined the composition of the population in this region are located in the first decades of the 20th century, which are characterized by military clashes, territorial sovereignty changes, reorganizations, and population movements. Information about the population of Thrace and its demographic and social characteristics can be obtained, mainly through the official censuses that have been conducted in our country.

In recent years, due to the economic crisis, particular interest has been shown in the demographic components in the vulnerable area of Thrace. Therefore, it was deemed appropriate to statistically depict the population of Thrace through an analysis conducted at the regional level of prefectures, based on the published results of the censuses of the 20th and 21st centuries. Initially, the population structure of Thrace was analyzed and compared with the structure of the country as a whole. Special emphasis was given to aging indices, which are of particular interest due to their significant increase in recent decades. Subsequently, the socio-economic characteristics of the residents were studied. Then, an attempt was made to study mortality by constructing survival tables. Finally, another major demographic phenomenon, synchronous fertility, was studied.